It is well known that RGD works through Integrin. PEG is also bio-inert and is often combined with RGD for tissue engineering repair. Many scaffolds for tissue engineering have been approved the possibility to be used in clinic due to high-water absorption ability mimicking natural tissues, easy precision regulation, and low immunogenicity ( Chin et al., 2018 Di Palma et al., 2021). RGD combined with PCL ( Richbourg et al., 2019 Alipour et al., 2020), titanium alloy ( Dard et al., 2000 Alipour et al., 2020), and calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) ( Lin et al., 2019) had been reported. Due to the bio-inert of most synthetic materials, cell adhesion peptide RGD is usually integrated into biomaterials to achieve better cell adhesion. Synthetic materials indeed solve the problems of natural materials, but they usually have limited cellular adhesion properties.Ĭell adhesion is an important condition for long-term survival of transplanted cells ( Lee et al., 2015). Synthetic materials commonly used in bone and cartilage tissue engineering include alloys, bone cements, PEG polymers, and poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) ( Jiang et al., 2021). To solve these problems, researchers have made many attempts in synthetic materials. However, they also have many disadvantages, such as: limited source, difficult processing, poor mechanical strength, and possible disease transmission problems ( Rahimi et al., 2021). They have good biocompatibility, cell adhesion, and degradation products are non-toxic physiological products ( Wang et al., 2021).
Natural materials used for bone and cartilage repair include collagen, hyaluronic acid, fibrin glue, chitosan, agarose and alginic acid. According to the source of scaffolds, they can be divided into natural materials and synthetic materials. In recent years, the use of tissue engineering scaffolds to repair bone and cartilage damage developed quickly. Scaffolds not only have basic functions, such as supporting and filling, but also promote cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Seed cells are key to tissue engineering, as autologous cartilage and huge bone defect lacks the ability to regenerate, and seed cells could enhance tissue repair by producing extracellular matrix (ECM) and growth factors ( Zhang et al., 2016). Recently, scaffolds with composed with seed cells became a promising method for bone and cartilage repair ( Daly et al., 2017 Shadjou et al., 2018 Zhang et al., 2020). eventually lead to osteoarthritis, which causes joint pain ( Barnett, 2018). Herein, we summarize the application progress of RGD in bone and cartilage tissue engineering, discuss the effects of structure, sequence, concentration, mechanical stimulation, physicochemical stimulation, and time stimulation of RGD peptide on cells differentiation, and introduce the mechanism of RGD peptide through integrin in the field of bone and cartilage tissue engineering.īone and cartilage injuries are common and frequent ( Deng et al., 2019), and mature articular cartilage is limited in its ability to repair itself ( Krishnan and Grodzinsky, 2018). Only a few reviews have summarized the applications of RGD peptide with alloy, bone cements, and PCL in bone tissue engineering. The application of RGD peptides in bone and cartilage tissue engineering was reported seldom.
Many scaffold material for tissue engineering and has been approved by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for human using. Therefore, the RGD polypeptide families are considered as suitable candidates for treatment of a variety of diseases and for the regeneration of various tissues and organs. Integrin receptors are key regulators of cell-cell and cell-extracellular microenvironment communication. The Arginine - Glycine - Aspartic acid (Arg-Gly-Asp, RGD) peptide family is considered as a specific recognition site for the integrin receptors.
Because most of the scaffold materials used in bone and cartilage tissue engineering are bio-inert, it is necessary to increase the cellular adhesion ability of during tissue engineering reconstruction. Bone and cartilage injury is common, tissue engineered scaffolds are potential means to repair.
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